General earthworks / Bastau build group - pits developing in Astana

General earthworks

Earthworks are complex works of a zero cycle, which include: the passage of pits and trenches, drainage, strengthening and preparing the grounds for the building, construction of foundations and walls, floors, tunnels, perform backfill soil in the sinus between the foundation and the foundation pits and slopes. The works of a zero cycle is considered completed after setting underground the part of the building with all communications and elements of underground structures.
Production of construction and installation work, and, above all, the construction of the underground part of buildings and structures associated with the implementation of a significant volume of excavation. Excavation works are among the most difficult and labor-intensive construction work, performed in difficult conditions, and are largely dependent on climatic factors. So one of the challenges facing the designers, technologists, builders is the development and implementation of methods and technologies that reduce the volume of excavation at the construction site.

Excavation works are among the most difficult and labor-intensive construction work. They perform a variety of methods, allocated into four groups: mechanical, hydraulic, explosive and manual. In addition, in some cases, we beetle, develop a method of drilling our soil to improve the bearing capacity.

Types of earthworks

The result of the development is a ground earthwork, which is the engineering facility, arranged from the ground in a ground array or erected on the surface of the soil. Earthworks types:

- relative to the surface of the soil - dredging, embankments, underground workings, backfill;

- to service life - permanent and temporary;

- to functional purpose - pits, trenches, pits, wells, waste dumps, dams, dikes, roadway, tunnels, site planning, development;

- to the geometric and spatial form - deep, small, long, concentrated, simple, complex, etc.

Permanent structures include designed for long-term operation - earthen dams, canals, rail and trackless canvas roads, cut and fill, constructed during the planning.

Temporary earthworks include the excavation coming off during the construction of foundations of residential and industrial buildings, bridges, dams, trenches for water, sewer, gas and other networks, mound for temporary roads and dams. Any earthwork must be stable, strong and protected from erosion by water.

Recess width of more than 3 m called pits, narrower recesses for strip foundations or communications networks - trenches, excavation under-standing foundations or pillars - holes. These structures have a bottom and side surfaces, the inclined slopes and vertical walls. Recesses being developed for production for the construction of the missing ground, called reserves; mound with the dumping of excess soil - cavaliers or dumps. Designated dumping of construction and other debris called dump and locations where the development of sand, gravel and other construction materials is located - careers. The recesses closed from the ground surface and arrange for the installation of transport and communication tunnels called underground workings. If the recesses have a bottom and inclined slopes, after the underground structures' setting up (or underground part), we will perform backfilling cavities - filling the space between the ground and the construction pit slopes.